In actuality, dogs don’t have an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) the way humans do. Dogs have a complementary ligament called a cranial cruciate ligament, or CCL. This joint is very similar to an ACL in humans, so a lot of times they’ll be used interchangeably.
The CCL connects the bone above a dog’s knee (femur) with the bone below the knee (tibia). When it’s torn, it results in the tibia sliding forward instead of backward like it’s supposed to. CCL surgery, or ACL surgery, can be performed to repair this ligament. The ligament may heal on its own, but it rarely heals to its full capacity, which could lead to limping, lameness, and further tears later in life.
Unlike humans, dogs typically tear their ACL through degradation over time (like from a lifetime of chasing squirrels and jumping frequently) rather than a single blunt injury.
Sometimes breeds and genetics can play a role in ACL tears, as they seem to be more commonly found in larger breeds such as English cream golden retrievers and labradors. Elderly dogs aren’t the only ones to have degenerative joints and the majority of ACL surgeries are performed on dogs between the ages of two and five. Some other risk factors for ACL tears include:
Obesity —Being overweight adds stress to your dog’s joints. The extra pounds can also make your dog’s exercise more strenuous, which may lead them to live a more sedentary lifestyle.
Limited exercise — If your dog doesn’t regularly exercise, their muscles grow weak which forces their joints to over-compensate for the loss of stability.
Overexertion — Overexertion isn’t good for a dog either. Finding a balance between play and rest is one of the healthiest choices you can make for your pup.
Spaying and neutering — Researchers are studying the possible relationship between spaying and neutering and ACL injuries. While the issue warrants more research, puppy owners should always consult with their vet about the best time to spay or neuter.
If you suspect your pet might have torn its ACL, look for these symptoms:
If a veterinarian determines that surgery is the best option for your dog, there are three main orthopedic operations to repair an ACL tear:
When it comes to dog ACL surgery alternatives, there are a few other options for dog owners:
Opt for a CCL brace — The tibial thrust (where your dog’s tibia goes forward instead of backward like it normally does) is one of the main problems caused by an ACL tear. A brace can help hold your dog’s joints in place so that they can heal properly.
Consider acupuncture — Acupuncture and acupressure help increase blood flow, which is great for dogs who might have degenerative muscles due to an ACL tear. Acupuncture for dogs is performed by a veterinary acupuncturist, which can come recommended by your primary vet.
Try natural supplements — Fish oil, turmeric, and joint supplements are excellent supplements known to reduce inflammation and joint stiffness. Adequan is an excellent medicine for relieving arthritis that might be helpful for your pup.
Go for a swim — When dogs tear their ACL, they often settle for a sedentary lifestyle due to pain and limited mobility, which may lead to lameness over time. Letting Fido doggy paddle provides a relaxing way for their muscles and joints to get some movement, preventing further degeneration.
Schedule a massage — The benefits of a good massage include increased blood flow for healing and ease of stress. This article from the American Kennel Club teaches you how to become your dog’s massage therapist.
Depending on the type of operation, dog ACL surgery ranges from around $1,000 to up to $5,000. Here’s how it breaks down:
These prices will vary depending on the vet’s office, and may or may not include pre-operation procedures such as bloodwork or postoperative physical therapy. Many surgeries and post-surgical rehabilitation are covered by pet insurance.
For the first six weeks after ACL surgery, your dog will not be allowed to run, jump, or climb. We recommend setting up a staycation for them in a small space away from tempting surfaces and activities (ie., the sofa). Make them comfortable with their favorite blanket and a plush dog bed on the floor outfitted with their favorite chew toys so they don’t get bored. Short, leashed walks are allowed but don’t let them do any strenuous activity for the first few weeks. Sometimes around eight weeks after surgery, the orthopedic vet may request a post-operative X-ray. Pets may also need walking assistance with a sling while they recover. After 12-16 weeks you can gradually make their walks longer, but they probably won’t be completely back to normal for the first six months.
ACL surgery has a success rate of about 90%. Most dogs will return to a good or excellent activity level compared to their normal before the injury.
Once the surgery is complete, you’ll need to keep an eye on your pet. There may be external sutures that can rip open, so you need to check their incision site daily. Let your veterinarian know if your dog shows any of these symptoms:
Considering the potential consequences of your dog’s ACL not healing properly (arthritis, lameness, injury to their other ACL), surgery has its benefits. If your dog is young and you can afford it, we would recommend this procedure as it can dramatically improve your pup’s quality of life. If the cost is too pricey or your vet doesn’t think it would be necessary, consider alternatives such as a knee brace.
ACL surgery can get quite expensive — up to $4,500 for the TPLO or TTA options. The least expensive option is the lateral suture (ELSS) which hovers around $1,000 or $2,000, but this surgery is most often performed on small dogs under 35 pounds. Typically, the cost includes not only the surgery but also pre-surgical bloodwork, anesthesia, post-surgical care, and medications. Some hospitals may even include post-surgical physical therapy.
Your dog doesn’t need to jump, climb furniture, or run for at least six weeks post-surgery. It might take six months for the injury to fully heal. Generally, short walks on a leash are allowed after the first couple of weeks but ask your veterinarian for more advice.
While ACL surgery isn’t considered a life-saving emergency surgery, it could improve and prolong your pet’s life by encouraging them to exercise without pain. Unattended, a torn ACL might not properly heal and could lead to arthritis. Additionally, your pet is at risk of tearing their ACL in their other knee due to compensation. If surgery isn’t an option, consider using a knee brace or some sort of physical therapy to help your dog heal.
